Thermocouples

A thermocouple is a temperature sensor that consists of two dissimilar metal wires joined at one end, creating a
junction. When the junction is heated or cooled, it produces a small voltage (known as the thermoelectric effect)
that correlates with the temperature difference between the junction and the other ends of the wires. This voltage
can be measured and converted into a temperature reading.

  • Working Principle: Based on the Seebeck effect, where a voltage is generated at the junction of two
    different metals when there is a temperature gradient.

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Description

Thermocouples are valued for their wide temperature range, durability, and fast response time, making them
versatile tools for temperature measurement in many applications

Types:

  • Common Thermocouple Types & Standard Temperature::
    • Type K (Chromel-Alumel): -200°C to +1260°C (-328°F to +2300°F)
    • Type J (Iron-Constantan): -40°C to +750°C (-40°F to +1382°F)
    • Type T (Copper-Constantan): -200°C to +350°C (-328°F to +662°F)
    • Type E (Chromel-Constantan): -200°C to +900°C (-328°F to +1652°F)
    • Type N (Nicrosil-Nisil): -200°C to +1300°C (-328°F to +2372°F)
    • Type R, S, and B (Noble metal thermocouples for high-temperature applications)
      • Type R: 0°C to +1760°C (32°F to +3200°F)
      • Type S: 0°C to +1760°C (32°F to +3200°F)
      • Type B: 0°C to +1820°C (32°F to +3308°F)

Accuracy:

  • Typical Accuracy: ±1.5°C or ±0.25% of the reading, whichever is greater (varies by type and calibration).
  • Calibration: Standard calibration (e.g., ASTM E230) or special calibration (e.g., fixed points).

Wire Specifications:

  • Diameter: Common wire sizes range from 0.005 inches to 0.125 inches (0.127 mm to 3.175 mm).
  • Insulation: Various materials, such as PVC, Teflon, or ceramic, depending on the temperature range and
    application.

Response Time:

  • Typical Response Times: Varies based on the construction and installation; commonly ranges from 0.1 to
    30 seconds in still air

Connection Types:

  • Termination: Various options, including bare leads, terminal blocks, or connectors (e.g., mini, standard).
  • Extension Wires: Use of thermocouple extension wire (e.g., Type K extension for Type K thermocouples)
    for distance measurement.

Environmental Protection:

  • Protection Tubes: Often housed in thermowell or protective sheaths made from stainless steel, Inconel,
    or ceramic to protect against harsh environments.

Additional Features:

  • Industries: Widely used in manufacturing, HVAC, automotive, aerospace, food processing, and research

When selecting an RTD, it’s essential to consider the specific requirements of your application, including
temperature range, accuracy, and environmental conditions

  • Manufacturing Standard – IEC584, ASTM E230.
  • Protection Sheath: SS, Inconel, Ceramic etc.
  • Configuration: Simple / Duplex / Multipoint.

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